See part 1 and part 2 for an overview of our system and how we scale our indexing. Originally I was planning a separate post for global queries and related posts queries, but it was hard to break into two posts and contributed to me taking forever to write them.
Two types of queries run on the WordPress.com Elasticsearch index: global queries across all posts and local queries that search posts within a single blog. Over 90% of our queries (23 million/day) are local, and the remainder are global (2 million/day).
In this post we’ll show some performance data for global and local queries, and discuss the tradeoffs we made to improve their performance.
An Aside about Query Testing
We used JMeter for most of our query testing. Since we are comparing global and local queries, it was important to get a variety of different queries to run and to run them on mostly full indices (though sometimes ongoing development made that impractical).
Generally we ran real user queries randomly sampled from our search logs. For local queries we were running related posts type queries with the posts pseudo-randomly selected from the index. There had to be a fair bit of hand curation of the queries due to errors in our sampling techniques and the occasional bad query type that would get through. Generating a good mix of queries is a combination of art and deciding that things are good enough.
A Few Mapping Details
I’ve already written a post on how we map WordPress posts to ES documents (and wpes-lib is on github), and there’s a description of how we handle multi-lingual data. Mostly those details are irrelevant for scaling our queries, but there are two important details:
- All post documents are child documents of blog documents. The blog documents record meta information about the blog.
- Child documents are always stored on the same shard as their parent document. They all use the same routing value. This provides us with a huge optimization. Local searches can use routing on the query so it gets executed on a single node and accesses only a single shard.
The Global Query
The original plan with our global queries was to use the parent blog documents to keep track of some meta information about the blogs to determine whether a blog’s posts were globally searchable (whether they were publicly accessible, had mature content, spam, etc). By using the blog document we’d be able to update a single document and not having to reindex all the posts on the blog. Then we’d use a has_parent filter on all global queries.
Unfortunately we found that parent/child filters did not scale well for our purposes. All parent documents ids had to be loaded into memory (about 5.3 GB of data per node for our 60 million blog documents). We had plenty of RAM available for ES (30 GB) and the id cache seemed to hold steady, but we still saw much slower queries and higher server load when using the has_parent filter. Here’s the data for the final parent/child performance test we ran (note this was tested on a 16 node cluster):
| Using has_parent | JMeter threads | Reqs/Sec | Median Latency(ms) | Mean Latency(ms) | Max Latency(ms) | CPU % | Load |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| yes | 2 | 5.3 | 538 | 365 | 2400 | 45 | 12 |
| no | 2 | 10 | 338 | 190 | 1500 | 30 | 8 |
| yes | 4 | 7.6 | 503 | 514 | 2500 | 75 | 22 |
| no | 4 | 17.5 | 207 | 222 | 2100 | 50 | 15 |
Avoiding using the has_parent filter saved us a lot of servers and gave us a lot more overhead, even though it means we have to bulk reindex posts more often.
In the end our global query looks something like:
POST global-*/post/_search
{
"query": {
"filtered": {
"query": {
"multi_match": {
"fields": ["content","title"],
"query": "Can I haz query?"
}
},
"filter": {
"and": [
{
"term": {
"lang": "en"
}
},
{
"and": [
{
"term": {
"spam": false
}
},
{
"term": {
"private": false
}
},
{
"term": {
"mature": false
}
}
]
}
]
}
}
}
}
One last side note on ES global queries because it cannot be said strongly enough: FILTERS ARE EPIC. If you don’t understand why I am shouting this at you, then you need to go read about and understand Bitsets and how filters are cached.
Sidenote: after re-reading that post I realized we may be able to improve our performance a bit by switching from using AND filters shown above to bool filters. This is why blogging is good. This change cut our median query time in half:
https://twitter.com/HypertextRanch/status/489843200455364608
Global Query Performance With Increasing Numbers of Shards
Global queries require gathering results from all shards and then combining the results to give the final result. A search for 10 results across 10 shards requires running the query on each of the shards, and then combining those 100 results to get the final 10 results. More shards means more processing across the cluster, but also more results that need to be combined. This gets even more interesting when you start paging results. To get results 90-100 of a search across ten shards requires requiring combining 1000 results to satisfy the search.
We did some testing of our query performance across a few million blogs as we varied the number of shards using a fixed number of JMeter threads.
| Shards/Index | Requests/sec | Median(ms) | Mean(ms) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 320 | 191 | 328 |
| 10 | 320 | 216 | 291 |
| 25 | 289 | 345 | 332 |
| 50 | 183 | 467 | 531 |
There’s a pretty clear relationship between query latency and number of shards. This result pushed us to try and minimize the total number of shards in our cluster. We can probably also improve query performance by increasing our replication.
The Local Query
Most of our local queries are used for finding related posts. We run a combination of mlt_query queries and multi_match queries to send the text of the current post and find posts that are similar. For a post with the title “The Best”, and content of “This is the best post in the world” the query would look like:
POST global-0m-10m/post/_search?routing=12345
{
"query": {
"filtered": {
"query": {
"multi_match": {
"query": "The Best This is the best post in the world.",
"fields": ["mlt_content"]
}
},
"filter": {
"and": [
{
"term": {
"blog_id": 12345
}
},
{
"not": {
"term": {
"post_id": 3
}
}
}
]
}
}
}
}
Looks simple, but there’s a lot of interesting optimizations to discuss.
Routing
All of our local queries use the search routing parameter to limit the search to a single shard. Organizing our indices and shards so that an entire blog will always be in a single shard is one of the most important optimizations in our system. Without it we would not be able to scale and handle millions of queries because we would be wasting a lot of cycles searching shards that had no or very few documents that were actually related to our search.
Query Type
In the above example, we use the multi_match query. If the content was longer (more than 100 words) we would use the mlt_query. We originally started out with all queries using mlt_query to make the queries faster and ensure good relevancy. However, using mlt_query does not guarantee that the resulting query will actually have any terms in the final search query. A lot will depend on the frequency of the terms in the post and their frequency in the index. Changing to using multi_match for short content gave us a big improvement in the relevancy of our results (as measured by click through rate).
MLT API
We started building related posts by using the MLT API for running the query. In that case we would only send the document id to ES and trust ES to get the post, analyze it, and construct the appropriate mlt_query for it. This worked pretty well, but did not scale as well as building our own query on the client. Switching to mlt_query gave us a 10x improvement in number of requests we could handle and reduced the query response time.
| Operation | Requests/sec | Median(ms) | Mean(ms) |
|---|---|---|---|
| MLT API | 150 | 270 | 306 |
| mlt_query | 1200 | 77 | 167 |
From what I could tell the big bottleneck was getting the original document. Of course this change moved a lot of processing off of the ES cluster and onto the web hosts, but web hosts are easier to scale than ES nodes (or at least is a problem our systems team is very good at).
mlt_content Field
The query is going to a single field called mlt_content rather than to separate title and content fields. Searching fewer fields gives us a significant performance boost, and helps us search for words that occur in different fields in different posts. The fairly new multi_match cross_fields option could probably help here, but I assume would not be as performant as a single field.
For a while we were also storing the mlt_content field, but recent work has determined that storing the field did not speed up the mlt_query queries.
The history of how we ended up using mlt_content is also instructive. We started using the mlt_content field and storing it while we were still using the MLT API. Originally we were using the post title and content fields which were getting extracted from the document’s _source. Switching to a stored mlt_content field reduced the average time to get a document before building the query from about 500ms to 100ms. In the end this turned out to not be enough of a performance boost for our application, but is worth looking into for anyone using the MLT API.
Improving Relevancy with Rescoring
We’ve run a couple of tests to improve the relevancy of our related posts. Our strategy here has mostly been to use the mlt_query/multi_match queries as our basic query and then use rescoring to adjust the query results. For instance we build a query that slightly reranks our top 50 results based on the commonality between who has liked the current post and whether they liked the posts that were similar. Running this using the rescoring option had almost no impact on query performance and yet gave a nice bump to the click through rate of our related posts.
Shard Size and Local Query performance
While global queries perform best with a small number of larger shards, local queries are fastest when the shard is smaller. Here’s some data we collected comparing the number of shards to routed query speed when running mlt_query searches:
| Shards/Index | Requests/sec | Median(ms) | Mean(ms) | Max(ms) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | 1200 | 77 | 167 | 5900 |
| 30 | 1600 | 67 | 112 | 1100 |
Less data in each shard (more total shards) has a very significant impact on the number of slow queries and how slow they are.
Final Trade Off of Shard Size and Query Performance
Based off the global and local query results above we decided to go with 25 shards per index as a tradeoff between decent performance for both query types. This was one of the trickier decisions, but it worked reasonably well for us for a while. About 6 months after making this decision though we decided that we were ending up with too many slow queries (queries taking longer than 1 second).
I guess that’s my cue to tease the next post in this (possibly) never-ending series: rebuilding our indices to add 6-7x as many documents while reducing slow queries and speeding up all queries in general. We went from the 99th percentile of our queries taking 1.7 seconds down to 800ms and the median time dropping from 180ms to 50ms. All these improvements while going from 800 million docs in our cluster to 5.5 billion docs. Details coming up in my next post.
greg.blog 
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